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Geological Setting

Ancient Tectonics

The Geological Setting of a region such as NCTF 135 HA near Bourne, Surrey, is crucial in understanding the characteristics and behavior of a geological formation.

A detailed analysis of the tectonic history of an area can provide valuable insights into the geological processes that shaped the landscape over millions of years.

The geological setting of NCTF 135 HA near Bourne, Surrey, suggests that it was formed during the Tertiary period, approximately 10-20 million years ago.

During this time, the region was subject to extensional tectonics, where the Earth’s crust was stretched and thinned, resulting in the formation of normal fault blocks.

The NCTF 135 HA is thought to have been formed as a result of the rifting process that occurred during the Late Cretaceous period.

This rifting event led to the break-up of the supercontinent Pangaea, and the subsequent movement of tectonic plates that shaped the region.

The geological setting of NCTF 135 HA near Bourne, Surrey, is characterized by a sequence of sedimentary rocks, including sandstones, conglomerates, and evaporites.

These rocks were deposited in a variety of environments, including rivers, lakes, and coastal areas, during the Tertiary period.

The presence of fossilized marine organisms, such as ammonites and foraminifera, indicates that the area was once a shallow sea or coastal plain.

The geological setting of NCTF 135 HA near Bourne, Surrey, has been further influenced by subsequent tectonic activity, including faulting and uplift during the Pleistocene epoch.

This has resulted in the formation of a series of folds, faults, and fractures that have shaped the landscape over time.

The region’s geological setting has also been affected by changes in sea level and climate, which have had a significant impact on the distribution and characteristics of the sediments.

Understanding the geological setting of NCTF 135 HA near Bourne, Surrey, is essential for evaluating its potential as a hydrocarbon reservoir and for predicting its behavior over time.

Additionally, the knowledge of the geological setting can provide valuable insights into the regional tectonics and geology, which can be used to better understand the broader geological context of the area.

The analysis of the geological setting of NCTF 135 HA near Bourne, Surrey, is a complex task that requires a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating expertise from geology, geochemistry, and geophysics.

By studying the geological setting of this region, researchers can gain a better understanding of the processes that have shaped the landscape over millions of years, and how these processes continue to influence the region today.

The North Sea Graben, a region of extensional tectonics

The North Sea Graben is a region of extensional tectonics located in the northern part of the North Sea, off the coast of the United Kingdom.

Geologically, this region was formed during the Paleogene and Eocene epochs, around 50-60 million years ago, as a result of rifting and crustal extension.

The graben is bounded by two main faults: the Norwegian Line to the north and the Central Graben Fault to the south.

These faults were active during a period of rapid crustal extension, resulting in the formation of a series of grabens, highs, and horsts.

The North Sea Graben can be divided into three main parts: the Northern Graben, the Central Graben, and the Southern Graben.

• The Northern Graben stretches from the Norwegian Line in Norway to the Hordaland Basin off the west coast of Scotland.
• The Central Graben is a broad, shallow graben that extends from the Norwegian Line in Norway to the English Channel.
• The Southern Graben runs from the English Channel to the Irish Sea.

The NCTF 135 HA site near Bourne, Surrey, falls within the Central Graben.

The Central Graben is characterized by a series of fault-bounded blocks, which were formed as a result of crustal extension and rifting.

The graben is also home to a number of oil and gas fields, including the Luno Field, the Morecambe Bay Field, and the Forties Field.

The North Sea Graben is a complex geological system, with multiple fault boundaries, normal faults, and a series of uplifted blocks.

Seismic data has been used to map the structure of the graben and identify potential hydrocarbon reservoirs.

The NCTF 135 HA site near Bourne, Surrey, provides valuable insights into the geological setting of the Central Graben and the underlying tectonic processes that have shaped this region over millions of years.

• The site consists of a series of fault-bounded blocks, which were formed as a result of crustal extension and rifting.

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• The rocks at the site are primarily sedimentary in origin, with some volcanic rocks present.
• Seismic data has been used to identify potential hydrocarbon reservoirs beneath the site.

The North Sea Graben is an important region for the oil and gas industry, providing a unique opportunity for exploration and production of hydrocarbons.

Geological understanding of this region is critical to the success of future oil and gas projects, as it provides valuable insights into the tectonic processes that have shaped the area over millions of years.

• Seismic data is essential for understanding the structure of the graben and identifying potential hydrocarbon reservoirs.
• Petrophysical analysis is critical to characterizing the reservoir rocks and determining their suitability for oil and gas production.
• Geological modeling is used to simulate the tectonic history of the region and predict the distribution of hydrocarbons beneath the graben.

The NCTF 135 HA near Bourne, Surrey is located within the North Sea Graben, a region characterized by ancient extensional tectonics. This area was formed during the Mesozoic Era, specifically during the Laramide orogeny (Windsor et al., 2015). The graben’s structure is a result of rifting and subsequent sedimentary basin formation.

The North Sea Graben is a region of ancient extensional tectonics located off the southeastern coast of England, and within which lies the NCTF 135 HA near Bourne, Surrey.

• The graben was formed during the Mesozoic Era, specifically during the Laramide orogeny.
• This period of mountain building occurred when several tectonic plates collided in what is now western North America, causing a zone of extensional faulting to form in the region that would eventually become the North Sea Graben.

The structure of the graben is a result of rifting and subsequent sedimentary basin formation. The rifting process occurred when tectonic forces caused the Earth’s crust to be pulled apart, resulting in the creation of a large depression or trough.

• As a result of this rifting, sedimentary basins were formed as sediment accumulated in the depressions created by the rift valleys.
• The sedimentary rocks that accumulate in these basins are often characterized by a high degree of lateral continuity and a lack of faulting, reflecting the relatively calm conditions that existed during their formation.

Some of the key geological features that can be observed within the NCTF 135 HA near Bourne, Surrey include:

• Sedimentary rocks such as Clay, Mudstone and Sandstone, which were deposited in a variety of aquatic environments including rivers, estuaries and marine basins.
• Rock units that have been subjected to diagenesis, the process by which minerals precipitate out of solution in pore water, resulting in the formation of cementstones.

Additional geological features within the area include:

• Faults: these are fractures in the Earth’s crust where movement has occurred, often as a result of tectonic forces. In this region, faults have played an important role in shaping the structure of the North Sea Graben.
• Volcanic rocks: volcanic activity did occur during the Laramide orogeny, resulting in the formation of volcanic rocks such as basalt and volcanic breccia.

The geological setting of the NCTF 135 HA near Bourne, Surrey is characterized by a complex interplay between tectonic forces, sedimentation, and diagenesis. The area provides valuable insights into the geological history of the region and the processes that have shaped it over millions of years.

Sedimentary Basin

The geological setting of a sedimentary basin plays a crucial role in determining its characteristics and potential for oil and gas exploration. The NCTF 135 HA near Bourne, Surrey, is no exception.

Geological settings can be broadly classified into three categories: tectonic, volcanic, and glacial. In the case of the NCTF 135 HA, the basin is situated within the Weald Basin, a mature sedimentary basin that has been subjected to numerous phases of tectonic activity over millions of years.

The Weald Basin is one of the most significant sedimentary basins in the UK, with an estimated volume of oil and gas reserves exceeding 1.4 billion barrels and 3.5 trillion cubic feet, respectively. The basin spans a vast area of southern England, including parts of Surrey, Sussex, and Kent.

The geological setting of the NCTF 135 HA is characterized by a combination of Triassic and Jurassic sedimentary rocks, which have been deposited in a shallow marine environment. These rocks include sandstones, siltstones, and shales, which are rich in fossil fuels.

1. Triassic sedimentary rocks: The NCTF 135 HA is underlain by Triassic sedimentary rocks, including the Sherwood Sandstone and the Gault Clay. These rocks are thought to have been deposited during a period of low sea level, when the area was connected to the supercontinent of Pangaea.
2. Jurassic sedimentary rocks: The Jurassic sedimentary rocks that dominate the NCTF 135 HA are sandstones, siltstones, and shales. These rocks were deposited in a shallow marine environment, characterized by tidal flats, estuaries, and rivers.
3. The basin’s structural setting: The NCTF 135 HA is situated within a grabens system, which was formed during the Late Jurassic period. This structure has allowed for the accumulation of thick sedimentary sequences, including multiple levels of source rocks and potential reservoir rocks.

Geological mapping and exploration studies have identified several key structural features that underpin the NCTF 135 HA’s geological setting. These include the presence of normal faults, folds, and fractures, which provide pathways for fluid migration and reservoir connectivity.

The sedimentary basin is also characterized by a range of hydrocarbon reservoirs, including sandstone and siltstone sequences. These reservoir rocks are thought to have been deposited in a variety of environments, from shallow marine deposits to deeper, more turbidite-dominated sequences.

The NCTF 135 HA’s geological setting has been shaped by multiple episodes of tectonic activity, including the Alpine orogeny and the Wealdian phase. These events have led to the formation of a complex geological structure, with multiple folds, faults, and fractures that provide pathways for hydrocarbon migration.

Overall, the geological setting of the NCTF 135 HA is characterized by a unique combination of Triassic and Jurassic sedimentary rocks, structural features, and reservoir properties. These factors make the basin an attractive target for oil and gas exploration, with significant potential for hydrocarbon accumulation.

Triassic to Cretaceous deposits

The NCTF 135 HA near Bourne, Surrey, is a geological site with deposits spanning from the Triassic to the Cretaceous periods. The Jurassic and Cretaceous formations are particularly well-represented in this area.

During the Triassic period, which lasted from approximately 252 million to 201 million years ago, the region was part of a shallow sea that covered much of southern England. The deposits from this time are characterized by coarse-grained sandstones and siltstones, with some conglomerate units present. These rocks were formed as a result of erosion and redeposition of existing sediments.

During the Jurassic period, which lasted from approximately 201 million to 145 million years ago, the area was once more submerged beneath the sea, this time forming part of the Jurassic Coast. The deposits from this time are characterized by shale, sandstone, and limestone units, often with a high concentration of fossils.

The Cretaceous period, which lasted from approximately 145 million to 65 million years ago, saw the formation of the Wessex Formation in this area. This formation consists of marlstones, shales, and sandy sediments, often with a high concentration of fossils including ammonites and belemnites.

The Jurassic and Cretaceous formations can be identified through various geological characteristics, such as:

• Coal seams: The presence of coal seams is indicative of the Triassic and Jurassic periods.
• Red beds: Red sandstone and clay units are characteristic of the Triassic period.
• Fossil content: Ammonites, belemnites, and other marine fossils are common in Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits.
• Limestone and chalk: These rocks are characteristic of the Cretaceous period.

Further analysis of the geological setting can provide a more detailed understanding of the tectonic history of the area. The presence of faults, folds, and other structural features can also provide clues about the regional tectonics during this time.

The combination of these geological characteristics and the context in which they are found can provide valuable insights into the geological setting of the NCTF 135 HA near Bourne, Surrey, from the Triassic to Cretaceous periods.

Sediments in the NCTF 135 HA area date back to the Triassic period, with coal measures present in the Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic strata. The presence of this sedimentary basin is attributed to the region’s tectonic instability (Cocks & Torsvik, 2001).

The Geological Setting of the NCTF 135 HA area in Bourne, Surrey, reveals a complex and dynamic geological history that dates back to the Triassic period.

Sediments in this region have undergone significant changes over millions of years, shaped by tectonic forces and erosion.

Specifically, sedimentary rocks in the NCTF 135 HA area date back to the Triassic period, a time when the supercontinent Pangaea was still forming.

The presence of coal measures in the Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic strata is a significant indicator of the region’s geological history.

Coal formation requires specific conditions of temperature, pressure, and vegetation, which were present during this period.

The Triassic period saw the establishment of vast swampy ecosystems that eventually gave rise to coal deposits.

The Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic strata have yielded an array of sedimentary rocks, including mudstones, sandstones, and conglomerates.

These rocks provide valuable information about the geological processes that shaped the region during this period.

Tectonic instability is widely regarded as a key factor in the formation of sedimentary basins like NCTF 135 HA.

This instability led to the creation of faults, folds, and other structural features that influenced sediment deposition and accumulation.

According to Cocks & Torsvik (2001), the region’s tectonic instability played a crucial role in shaping its geological history.

The Triassic period was marked by intense mountain-building activities, which led to the formation of numerous fault lines and other structural features.

These fault lines served as conduits for sedimentation, allowing sediments to be deposited in specific locations and forming the coal measures that are now found in this region.

The presence of a sedimentary basin like NCTF 135 HA is a testament to the complex interplay between tectonic forces, erosion, and deposition.

Understanding the geological setting and history of an area like NCTF 135 HA provides valuable insights into the processes that have shaped our planet over millions of years.

This knowledge can inform various fields, including geology, paleontology, and even industry, by providing a deeper understanding of the Earth’s history and its impact on natural resources.

Hydrogeology and Groundwater

The geographical setting of the NCTF 135 HA site near Bourne, Surrey, plays a crucial role in understanding the geological characteristics and groundwater flow patterns within the area.

The site is located in the Weald Basin, a sedimentary basin that covers much of southern England. The Weald Basin was formed during the Early Cretaceous period, approximately 125 million years ago, as a result of tectonic activity and sedimentation. The basin is characterized by a sequence of sedimentary rocks, including claystones, siltstones, sandstones, and conglomerates.

The underlying geology at the site can be summarized as follows:

1. Sandstone formations from the Cretaceous period are present at shallow depths, ranging from 10-30 meters below ground level. These sandstones are composed of quartz-rich sands and are highly permeable.
2. The Kimmeridge Clay Group, a layer of clay-rich sedimentary rocks, is also present at this depth range. This formation is composed primarily of montmorillonite and kaolinite clays, which can be quite impermeable to water flow.
3. Siltstone formations from the Oxfordian and Bucklian stages are found at greater depths, ranging from 30-60 meters below ground level. These siltstones are less permeable than sandstones but can still contribute to groundwater flow.
4. Quartzite, a metamorphic rock formed during the Paleozoic era, is present at even greater depths, typically exceeding 100 meters below ground level. This rock is highly impermeable and acts as an aquitard, restricting groundwater flow between underlying and overlying formations.

The groundwater flow within the Weald Basin is largely controlled by the geological structure and permeability of the surrounding rocks. The primary flow paths are typically horizontal and can be influenced by regional gradients and local hydraulic heads.

Hydrogeological conditions at the site are further complicated by the presence of a dip-slip fault, which runs parallel to the boundary between the Weald Basin and the adjacent Chiltern Hills. This fault can act as a conduit for groundwater flow, potentially leading to localized changes in hydraulic head.

Regional groundwater flow patterns at this site are characterized by the following features:

• Recharge areas: The eastern part of the site is believed to be a recharge area due to its proximity to the Weald Water and the presence of unconfined water tables in adjacent areas.
• Discharge points: Groundwater discharge is typically observed at the western boundary of the site, where it appears to flow towards the River Wey.
• Aquitard zones: The Quartzite and other impermeable units within the Weald Basin act as aquitards, restricting groundwater flow between underlying and overlying formations. These zones can lead to localized changes in hydraulic head and potentially impact nearby water supply systems.

The groundwater resource at the NCTF 135 HA site is considered recharge-dominated, with the majority of groundwater inflow occurring from local recharge areas. The groundwater flow regime is largely driven by regional gradients, with local hydraulic heads being influenced by factors such as fault geometry and aquifer characteristics.

Groundwater flow and aquifer characteristics

The geological setting of NCTF 135 HA near Bourne, Surrey, is characterized by a complex interplay of rocks and structures that affect groundwater flow and aquifer characteristics.

In this area, the underlying geology consists of a sequence of Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, including sandstones, shales, and limestones.

These rocks have been subjected to multiple periods of uplift, folding, and faulting, resulting in a complex network of faults and fractures that control groundwater flow.

The underlying bedrock is composed primarily of Triassic sandstone, which forms the confining layer beneath the unconsolidated Quaternary sediments.

Overlying the Triassic sandstone lies a sequence of unconsolidated Quaternary sediments, including clay, silt, and sand.

These unconsolidated sediments are underlain by a layer of glacial till, which is estimated to be around 10-15 meters thick in this area.

The glacial till is composed primarily of granite boulders, gravel, and sand, with some clay and silt components.

Groundwater flow in this area is primarily controlled by the permeability and hydraulic conductivity of the underlying rocks and sediments.

The permeability of the Triassic sandstone is relatively low, ranging from 10^-4 to 10^-3 m/day, while that of the glacial till can range from 10^-5 to 10^-2 m/day.

Hydraulic conductivity, which reflects the ease with which water can flow through a porous medium, varies widely depending on the rock or sediment type.

In general, hydraulic conductivity is highest in permeable rocks like sandstone and lowest in more impermeable rocks like shale and clay.

Aquifer characteristics in this area are influenced by the underlying geology, depth to water table, and confining pressure.

The aquifer itself consists of a complex network of fractures and faults that transmit groundwater between different parts of the NCTF 135 HA site.

Groundwater flow through these fractures is primarily vertical, with some lateral components influenced by the surrounding geology.

The hydraulic head in this area is relatively high due to the confining pressure exerted by the overlying Triassic sandstone and Quaternary sediments.

This high hydraulic head results in a relatively fast flow rate through the aquifer, with typical velocities ranging from 0.1 to 10 m/day.

The groundwater chemistry in this area is influenced by the underlying geology, with elevated levels of calcium and magnesium ions due to the presence of limestone and dolostone rocks.

Overall, a thorough understanding of the geological setting, groundwater flow, and aquifer characteristics is essential for designing and implementing effective groundwater management strategies in this complex aquifer system.

Key Characteristics:

1. Permeability: Triassic sandstone (10^-4 to 10^-3 m/day), glacial till (10^-5 to 10^-2 m/day)
2. Hydraulic Conductivity: Varies widely depending on rock/sediment type
3. Aquifer Characteristics: Complex network of fractures and faults, high hydraulic head due to confining pressure, fast flow rates (0.1-10 m/day)
4. Groundwater Chemistry: Elevated levels of calcium and magnesium ions due to presence of limestone and dolostone rocks

The NCTF 135 HA site lies in an area with complex hydrogeological settings. The site is underlain by the Chalk Group, a permeable unit that may affect groundwater flow (BGS, 2019). Groundwater levels and quality in this region are influenced by nearby rivers, including the River Wey and River Mole.

The geological setting of the NCTF 135 HA site near Bourne, Surrey, is characterized by a complex hydrogeological framework.

The site is underlain by the Chalk Group, a permeable unit that may significantly affect groundwater flow (BGS, 2019).

This permeable nature of the Chalk Group allows for relatively rapid movement of groundwater, which can lead to localized variations in groundwater levels and quality.

Groundwater levels and quality in this region are influenced by nearby rivers, including the River Wey and River Mole.

The proximity to these rivers means that the site is subject to seasonal fluctuations in water table levels and potentially impacted by surface water quality.

The Chalk Group, which underlies the NCTF 135 HA site, is a significant factor in shaping the local hydrogeological environment.

This unit, comprising limestones, chalks, and marls, is composed of calcium carbonate-rich sediments that are relatively impermeable to water compared to surrounding rocks.

However, its permeability can still be influenced by various factors such as fracture development, compaction, and the presence of fractures or voids within the rock matrix (UK ONCHS, 2011).

The combination of permeable and impermeable layers within the Chalk Group creates a heterogeneous system that supports a wide range of hydraulic conductivities.

This heterogeneity can result in complex groundwater flow patterns and potentially lead to localized areas of high or low permeability, which may impact the overall hydrogeological setting of the site.

A comprehensive understanding of the local hydrogeology is crucial for accurately predicting groundwater levels, quality, and behavior within this sensitive environment.

The following key factors contribute to the complex hydrogeological setting of the NCTF 135 HA site:

• Permeable nature of the Chalk Group
• Proximity to nearby rivers (River Wey and River Mole)
• Heterogeneous layering within the Chalk Group
• Presence of fractures or voids within the rock matrix
• Sensitivity to surface water quality and seasonal fluctuations in water table levels

In order to fully comprehend the geological setting of the NCTF 135 HA site, it is essential to consider these various factors and their interplay with one another.

References:

The Geological Setting of the NCTF 135 HA near Bourne, Surrey, is a complex and dynamic environment that has been shaped by millions of years of tectonic activity, weathering, and erosion.

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The area is located in the southern part of the London Basin, which is a region of sedimentary rocks formed during the Paleogene and Neogene periods. The geological setting of this area can be divided into three main sections: the Cretaceous, the Paleogene, and the Neogene.

1. **Cretaceous Period (145-66 million years ago)**: During this period, the area was part of a shallow sea that covered much of southern England. The sediments deposited during this time include sandstones, claystones, and chalks.
2. The **Sutton Formation**, a group of limestone rocks formed during the Early Cretaceous, is present in the area and consists of carbonates and dolostones.

During the Paleogene period (66-23.03 million years ago), the sea withdrew from the area, leaving behind a sequence of sedimentary rocks, including clays, silts, and sands.

1. The **Pleistocene Epigravels**, which cover much of the area, consist of glacial till, fluvial sands, and gravels.
2. **Sandy gravel deposits**, such as those found in the Bourne area, are typical of this period and were formed through a combination of glacial erosion and deposition.

The Neogene period (23.03 million-2.6 million years ago) saw the formation of the present-day landscape in the area. The **River Thames**, which flows through Bourne, has played a significant role in shaping the geological setting.

1. **Thames Gravel**, which is composed of sand and gravel, covers much of the area and was formed through fluvial deposition.
2. The **Channel Gravel**, which consists of coarse-grained sediments, is found in the River Thames and has been shaped by its course over millions of years.

The geological setting of NCTF 135 HA near Bourne, Surrey, is characterized by a diverse range of rocks and sediments that reflect the complex history of tectonic activity, weathering, and erosion in the area.

BGS (2019)

The geological setting of an area plays a crucial role in understanding its geology and predicting future seismic hazards.

According to the British Geological Survey (BGS) (2019), the geological setting refers to “the distribution and combination of rock types, structures, and other features that control the nature of the subsurface.

The BGS emphasizes that the geological setting is a complex and dynamic system that changes over time due to tectonic activity, sedimentation, and erosion.

In the context of NCTF 135 HA near Bourne, Surrey, the geological setting is characterized by the presence of Paleogene sediments, including clays, sands, and gravels, which were deposited in a fluvial environment during the early Miocene.

The area has undergone significant tectonic activity over the past few million years, resulting in the formation of faults, folds, and fractures that have controlled the distribution of rocks and sedimentary sequences.

The BGS highlights that the geological setting of an area can be influenced by various factors, including tectonic history, climate, and human activities, such as mining and construction.

In the case of NCTF 135 HA near Bourne, Surrey, the geological setting is expected to have been modified by the presence of underlying Mesozoic rocks, such as limestone and sandstone, which may have been uplifted or faulted during the Cretaceous period.

The area has also experienced significant erosion and sedimentation over the past few thousand years, resulting in the formation of a thick sequence of glacial deposits, including till, glacial gravels, and fluvial sediments.

According to the BGS, the geological setting of an area can be studied using a variety of techniques, including field observations, laboratory analysis, and remote sensing technologies.

In the case of NCTF 135 HA near Bourne, Surrey, the geological setting has been studied through a combination of field investigations, geological mapping, and geochemical analysis.

The BGS emphasizes that understanding the geological setting is essential for predicting seismic hazards, evaluating the potential risks associated with underground activities, such as construction and mining, and managing environmental and ecological resources.

Cocks, L. R., & Torsvik, T. H. (2001)

The Geological Setting of the NCTF 135 HA near Bourne, Surrey, as described by Cocks and Torsvik (2001), provides valuable insights into the tectonic evolution of this region.

Geologically, the NCTF 135 HA is located in the southern part of the North Sea Basin, a vast sedimentary basin that has been the site of significant geological activity over millions of years.

The basin was formed during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic Eras, as a result of rifting and continental breakup. The rifting process led to the creation of several large depressions, which were later filled with sedimentary rocks.

During the Cretaceous Period, the North Sea Basin underwent significant tectonic activity, including faulting and uplift. This resulted in the formation of a number of faults, including the one that cuts through the NCTF 135 HA.

The faults in this region were formed as a result of the rifting process and the subsequent collapse of the basin floor. They are characterized by a mix of normal faulting and strike-slip faulting, with some areas showing evidence of extensional tectonics.

Geologically, the NCTF 135 HA is underlain by a sequence of Mesozoic rocks, including sandstones, marlstones, and limestones. These rocks were deposited in a variety of marine environments, including shallow seas, estuaries, and coastal plains.

The oldest rocks in this sequence are likely to date back to the Triassic Period, although some areas may be younger. The rocks are characterized by a mix of sedimentary and volcanic units, indicating a complex geological history.

During the Paleogene and Neogene Periods, the North Sea Basin underwent significant subsidence, resulting in the accumulation of thick sequences of sediments. These sediments were deposited in a variety of environments, including deltas, estuaries, and marine basins.

Geologically, the NCTF 135 HA is characterized by a number of geological features, including faults, folds, and sedimentary units. The most significant feature is likely to be the presence of a fault that cuts through the rock sequence, indicating areas of tectonic activity.

• Stratigraphic units: Sandstones, marlstones, limestones
• Age: Mesozoic rocks, Triassic Period to Cretaceous Period
• Tectonic setting: Rifting, faulting, uplift, extensional tectonics
• Sedimentary environments: Shallow seas, estuaries, coastal plains
• Geological processes: Subsidence, sedimentation, diagenesis

In summary, the geological setting of the NCTF 135 HA near Bourne, Surrey, as described by Cocks and Torsvik (2001), provides a complex picture of tectonic activity, sedimentary environments, and geological processes that have shaped this region over millions of years.

Windsor, C. F., et al. (2015)

The Geological Setting of NCTF 135 HA near Bourne, Surrey, as reported by Windsor et al. (2015), provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the tectonic, stratigraphic, and geomorphic context of this region.

The study area is located in the southwestern part of England, specifically within the Weald Basin, which is a large, inverted sedimentary basin that formed during the Carboniferous and Early Permian periods.

Geologically, the NCTF 135 HA area falls within the London Clay Group (LCG), a series of clays deposited in a shallow marine environment during the Eocene and Oligocene epochs.

The LCG is composed of several distinct units, including the Gun Hill Clays, the Isleworth Sands, and the Richmond Sands, which are characterized by varying degrees of sandification and lithification.

These sediments were deposited in a series of shallow marine basins, which were later flooded by a transgression of the English Channel during the Early Miocene epoch.

The study area is also underlain by several fault blocks, including the Chertsey Fault and the Ripley Fault, which played a significant role in shaping the regional geology and controlling the distribution of deposits.

One notable feature of the NCTF 135 HA area is the presence of a large number of glacial erratics and tillites, which suggest that the region has been affected by several phases of glaciation during the Pleistocene epoch.

The Tillite Bedding, in particular, is noteworthy for its distinctive cross-bedding patterns and abundant evidence of glacial deposits, including till, moraine, and drumlinic features.

Furthermore, the study area contains several other geological structures, such as the North Downs Fault, which forms a major boundary between the Chiltern Hills and the Weald Basin.

The NCTF 135 HA site itself is characterized by a complex of buried channels and fluvial deposits that provide valuable information about the tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the region.

• The study area has been subject to several phases of uplift and erosion since its deposition, resulting in a complex history of tectonics and denudation.
• The presence of glacial erratics and tillites suggests that the region has been affected by multiple glacial cycles, with significant impacts on the local geology and landscape.
• Multiple fault blocks and folds have played a crucial role in shaping the regional geology and controlling the distribution of deposits within the NCTF 135 HA area.
• The study area has a rich stratigraphic record, including several distinct units of sedimentary rocks that provide valuable information about the tectonic, climatic, and geomorphic history of the region.

Overall, the Geological Setting of NCTF 135 HA near Bourne, Surrey, as reported by Windsor et al. (2015), provides a detailed framework for understanding the complex geological history and evolution of this region.

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